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''Birch's Views of Philadelphia'' was an 1800 book of prints drawn and engraved by William Russell Birch (1755–1844) and his son Thomas Birch (1779–1851). The 27 illustrations of the city are extraordinarily valuable to historians because they document Philadelphia architecture and street-life at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Formally titled ''The City of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania North America; as it appeared in the Year 1800'', the volume was self-published by William Birch in December 1800. Birch was a British-born miniature painter and engraver, and this became his most famous work. Philadelphia was the temporary capital of the United States when the Birches began the project in 1798, and among the 156 subscribers to the initial printing was Vice-President Thomas Jefferson. Other subscribers included British Minister to the U.S. Robert Liston, Spanish Minister to the U.S. The Chevalier d'Yrujo, former-Pennsylvania Governor Thomas Mifflin, New York City Mayor Richard Varick, the architect Benjamin Latrobe, the painter Edward Savage, and numerous members of Congress. The 1804 second edition listed former-President John Adams as a subscriber. The views depict monuments, everyday life, and even reflect politics of the era. Plate 28 shows a technological marvel, the Water Works in Center Square, a water tower fed by steam pumps that made Philadelphia the first city in the United States with a general water-supply system. Two of the plates portray Native American delegations touring the city, and at least two plates include African Americans. Plate 29 shows the USS Frigate ''Philadelphia'' being built in a Southwark shipyard, but the engraving's ominous title, "Preparation for WAR to defend Commerce," refers to the 1798-1800 Quasi-War with France, in which hundreds of American merchant vessels were boarded or seized.〔Greg H. Williams, ''The French Assault on American Shipping, 1793-1813: A Comprehensive Record of Merchant Marine Losses'' (London, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2009), Introduction. ISBN 978-0-7864-3837-2〕〔Following a brief career of freeing American merchant ships from French privateers in the West Indies, USS ''Philadelphia'' was itself captured by Tunisian pirates in 1803 during the First Barbary War. See: Spencer Tucker, ''Stephen Decatur: A Life Most Bold and Daring.'' (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004). ISBN 1-55750-999-9.〕 The Birches created additional views, and updated old ones — notably, reworking a view of Market Street to show the December 26, 1799 national funeral procession for George Washington.〔(National Funeral for President Washington ) from Explore PA History.〕 ''Birch's Views'' sold well and went into multiple editions, inspiring the pair to publish similar collected views of New York City, and of suburban estates surrounding Philadelphia and Baltimore. ==First edition== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Birch's Views of Philadelphia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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